1) Type "\a" before typing your message.
2) In a 1v1, Diplomacy is largely irrelevant. In a larger team game, it depends on your situation. Generally speaking at close proximity you're going to be in a fight for your life and it's a big mistake to invest significant resources in anything other than military assets. Otherwise, this can be an extremely effective way to bolster your team.
'Feed' is the general term for sending money to allies. In team games, you usually have one guy on the front-lines specializing in military technology, and other players on the back-lines specializing in civic tech, and they contribute by sending money to the front-line people.
First 10 minutes: From what I've read - this is the critical time ... Granted, I've played a lot of REALLY good players based on their records and play style
Absolutely; a good early-game advantage can easily be built into an overwhelming late-game advantage. I'm sure you're feeling this first-hand. Generally speaking, the average opponent you'll face in a 1v1 is more challenging than the average opponent in a 5v5. Not to say that you won't find beginners in 1v1 or you won't find experts in 5v5. You can get a lot of experience by playing 5v5's and watching your allies.
Watching your replays could also be very helpful. There is a mountain of tricks you can pull to squeek out 15 seconds here and there, which at the end of the day can add up to a 3 or 4 planet advantage.
4) Can I be booted from a game by the leader once it's started? I was playing a 5 V 5 yesterday and went link dead about 20 minutes in (although I think I was doing pretty good). I have a very stable connection and was wondering if I happened to piss anyone off.
If the host was using Alloy to manage the connections, then you can't be booted, but you're dependent on IC's servers, which are a little flakey at times. If the host wasn't using Alloy, then he can indeed boot you.
Welcome to the community, Mando