UPDATE: So, some progress....
1. Inserting "PROTON_NOD3D_11=1 %command%" resolved the issue of the Stardock Launcher not rendering properly... at least initially.
2. After conferring with Blues over at Mohawk Games, we found the culprit: For reasons unknown, Steam was unable to connect and so it confirm I had a registered copy. Joy. I figured it might be a bug in Proton, and after noticing some stability issues I rebooted and switched to Proton Experimental. SUCCESS. It works! However, the bug in the Stardock Launcher is back, and setting "PROTON_NOD3D11_1 %command%" doesn't help. That, however, is a minor issue, so I'm willing to overlook it.
Hope this saves fellow penguinistas some headaches.