An aversion to Space Weapons
So I played a Large map on TOA with five Intelligent opponents, with the tech rate set to Slow, tech trading off.
Out of those five, just one of them researched the tech required and built ships with weapons. The rest researched all sorts of useful techs (including the whole Planetary Invasion tree) but no actual weapons.
Beats me what's going on with that. Maybe if I had declared war a lot sooner they would have switched to something more useful.